| Sanskrit | Meaning | Nature |
|---|---|---|
| आध्यात्मिक (Ādhyātmika) | Pertaining to the self | Sorrows arising from one’s own body and mind — illness, disease, mental anguish, anxiety, attachment, aversion. Experienced from the womb onward. |
| आधिभौतिक (Ādhibhautika) | Pertaining to living beings | Sorrows inflicted by other living entities — other humans, animals, insects, society, community, relationships |
| आधिदैविक (Ādhidaivika) | Pertaining to unseen forces | Sorrows from natural forces and cosmic powers — extreme heat, cold, earthquakes, floods, famine, epidemic, fate |
| Virtue | Sanskrit | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Tranquility | शम (śama) | Stilling of the mind — from शम् (śam) to be quiet |
| Restraint | दम (dama) | Control of the sense organs — from दम् (dam) to tame |
| Withdrawal | उपरति (uparati) | Cessation of outward-turning activity — resting in the self |
| Endurance | तितिक्षा (titikṣā) | Bearing heat and cold, praise and blame without reaction — desiderative of तिज् (tij) to bear |
| Faith | श्रद्धा (śraddhā) | From श्रत् (śrat) — heart + धा (dhā) — to place — literally “placing the heart” in the teacher and the teaching |
| Concentration | समाधान (samādhāna) | One-pointed settlement of the mind on the object of inquiry |